Herein, a voltammetric sensor has been successfully developed for ultrasensitive and reproducible detection of Artesunate (ART) and Dopamine HCl (DO) using Ppy@ZnO/Fe3O4 core-shell nanocomposite ([PZM] NS) modified carbon paste sensor (MCPS) via differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DP-AdCV). Physicochemical features of ZnO/Fe3O4, and Ppy@ZnO/Fe3O4 core-shell nanocomposites were characterized by using different instruments. The [PZM] emerges with good core-shell nanocomposite and a specific surface area of 28.5 m2/g (0.0247 cc/g) compared to ZnO/Fe3O4 [ZM] 5.43 m2/g (0.0111 cc/g). The morphological examination of [PZM] reveals a spherical core shell nanostructure with an increase in average diameter to be from 20 to 37.5 nm compared with the average [ZM] diameter from 7.5 to 15.7nm. Subsequently, the particle size distribution of [ZM] and [PZM] were measured to be 805, 3225.67 nm with polydispersity index of 1 and 0.605, respectively. The [PZM] modified carbon paste sensor MCPS provided the best electroactive surface area (0.078 cm2) with minimal electrocatalytic activity (Rst= 370 Ω) compared to other as-prepared sensors. Under standard optimum conditions, the MCPS possessed a low detection limit of 0.24 pM (1.27 μA/pM), and 0.03 pM (0.386 μA/pM) for Artesunate (ART) and Dopamine HCl (DO) respectively. As well, detection limits were found to be 0.75 and 0.09 pM for ART mixed with 0.7 pM of DO and DO in the presence of 2.0 pM of ART drug, respectively. Furthermore, the MCPS reveals proper repeatability, reproducibility, and storage stability. The modified voltammetric sensor was able to detect both co-mixed ART and DO concentrations, without interference during the routine analysis.      

Cationic ligand exchange is one of the most predominant mechanisms for the ‎removal of ammonia from wastewater through complex formation. The ‎complexation technique occurs between the metal ions loaded on the surface of ‎Amberlite IR-120 (R-H) and ammonia which is present in medium. Cu(II)-loaded ‎Amberlite IR-120 (R-Cu2+) was prepared and described using FT-IR, TGA, XRD, ‎SEM, EDX techniques. The prepared R-Cu2+ was applied for elimination of ‎ammonia from aqueous solution. Different cations such as Co2+, Ni2+ were loaded ‎onto Amberlite IR-120 to study the impact of counter cation on the removal ‎efficiency of ammonia. The ammonia removal percentage followed the order; R-‎Cu2+ > R-Ni2+ > R-Co2+. The removal of ammonia using R-Cu2+ obeyed Freundlich ‎isotherm model. Thermodynamic parameters characteristics of the adsorption of ‎ammonia onto R-Cu2+ were determined. The time-adsorption data were followed the ‎pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Moreover, the resulting ‎product (R-Cu(II)-amine composite) from the adsorption process exhibited high ‎catalytic activity and could be applicable as low cost catalyst for enhancement the ‎elimination of dyes from wastewater.‎      

ABSTRACT In this study we developed a kind of dual drug loaded nanocarriers with pronounced targeting high drug loading capacity and sustained drug release. The combination of polylactic acid (PLA) and chitosan (CS) has been used to form the grafted PLA-g-CS copolymer nanocarriers having the advantages of both components. The protection–graft– deprotection approach was used to prepare an amphiphilic graft polymeric micelle with PLA as hydrophobic core and CS as hydrophilic shell. Fe3O4 and Fe3O4/MgO were prepared hydrothermally and embedded into the polymeric micelles forming PLA-g- CS(4)/Fe3O4 and PLA-g-CS(4)/Fe3O4/MgO. All the synthesized nanocarriers are used for single artesunate (ART) loading or curcumin (CUR) and dual drugs (CUR/ART). The structural, morphological, magnetic, and thermal properties of the nanocarriers were detailed. Encapsulation efficiencies for single drugs were 100% for ART, 59-66% for CUR loaded nanocarriers and loading efficiency was 44-66 % for ART on nanocarriers encapsulated CUR to form dual drug delivery. The antimicrobial activity of the nanocarriers against the selected microorganisms was improved more in the dual drug system than single one. The cytotoxic effect of drugs loaded nanocarriers against HePG2, HCT-116, MCF-7 cell lines were investigated. IC50 after 72 h of incubation for PLA-g-CS/CUR/ART was (1.56, 2.55, 1.14), PLA-g- CS(4)/Fe3O4 /CUR/ART (3.96, 2.78, 2.7) and PLA-g-CS(4)/Fe3O4/MgO/CUR/ART was ( 5.57, 3.97, 4.07) for HCT116, HePG-2, MCF7.      

Fabrication of a triple-component nanocomposite system having a unique design and unusual property combinations offers a special chance to take advantage of all components and overcome the limitations of mono nanoparticles (NPs). Novel superparamagnetic AgFeO2@polypyrrole/SiO2 (AgFeO2@PPy/SiO2) triple-component nanocomposite was synthesized in facile three-step method using (i) coprecipitation, (ii) in situ chemical oxidative polymerization, and (iii) Stöber process. The structure and morphology of the nanocomposite were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The triple nanocomposite has a drastic catalytic effect as compared with AgFeO2@PPy core–shell NPs and AgFeO2 NPs. The rate constant of chromotrope 2R reduction followed the order: AgFeO2@PPy/SiO2 (0.9209 min-1) > AgFeO2@PPy (0.2274 min-1) > AgFeO2 (0.1365 min-1). AgFeO2@PPy/SiO2 exhibited high catalytic recyclable performance towards the degradation of different kinds of dyes either by reduction (chromotrope 2R, tartrazine, and methylene blue) or by oxidation (methylene blue, aniline blue, and methyl violet 2B) from aqueous solution. The degradation percentage for the reduced dyes was 99.38%, 98.64%, and 98.17% and for the oxidized dyes was 75.84%, 99.34%, and 91.79%, respectively. Batch mode catalytic study was conducted with the nanocomposite to determine the maximum removal of tartrazine and aniline blue under different operational parameters was 99.5% and 99.34%, respectively. The recovery and reusability of the AgFeO2@PPy/SiO2 nanocomposite were studied using the reduction of tartrazine and the oxidation of aniline blue. Thirteen consecutive recovery reaction cycles were performed for the reduction process and nine cycles for the oxidation reaction. the synthesized materials proved to have a high potential for the removal of all investigated dyes from an aqueous solution.      

Nitrite (NO2−) pollution pose hazards to human health. NO2− oxidizes haemoglobin to methaemoglobin, thereby minimizing the oxygen-conveying capacity. Herein, we synthesized three-dimensional (3D) mesoporous nanorods (MNRs) of peeled montmorillonite (MMT)/ TiO2–ZnO hybrid modulated sensors as a robustly sensitive electrochemical sensor for detecting NO2−. The 3D mesoporous nanorods of coupled TiO2–ZnO composite [TZ] and series of MMT/ TiO2–ZnO hybrids were synthesized using various contents of MMT [MTZ1-4] MNRs via a sol-gel method. Varying the weight percentage of MMT exhibited remarkable effects including changing of the geometrical structure, superficial area, and degree of porosity. Notably, cyclic voltammetry revealed that the developed modulated sensor with specific percentage preserved a remarkable electrocatalytic activity as evaluated from the cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement. Under optimal operating conditions, the proposed sensor achieved nanomolar linearity range with a limit of detection of 0.12 nM for NO2−. The proposed sensor considered a promising selective sensor for detecting NO2− in some food products.      

Polybenzoxazine are a class of phenolic thermosets which have special characteristics such as low surface energy, low shrinkage, and moderate to high thermal properties, polymerized without using any catalyst. To improve the drawbacks arising from high curing temperatures and poor chemical properties, the addition of nanomaterials leads to polybenzoxazine matrix to increase stiffness, toughness and decrease the time of benzoxazine preparation. The present work aims to introducing photosensitive moieties such as chalcone to further enhance the properties of benzoxazine. Benzoxazine monomer containing chalcone moieties were prepared. The monomer and monomer mixed with different ratios of silver nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide were exposed to UV irradiation followed by thermal curing to produce pristine thermoset and nanocomposites, respectively. The structures of pristine thermoset and nanocomposites were confirmed and characterized by analytical techniques such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FTIR, SEM and XRD. The thermal properties using TGA and DSC indicate that the presence of graphene oxide catalyzes the ring-opening of oxazine and decreases the curing temperature up to 80 °C compared with pure benzoxazine monomer. In addition, the nanocomposites exhibit higher thermal stability and electrical conductivity compared with the pristine thermoset.      

Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a popular vegetable crop grown around the world. Sweet pepper, on the other hand, is extremely susceptible to Fusarium wilt disease, which is caused by Fusarium equiseti. Herein, the possible defensive roles of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-H benzimidazole (HL) and its aluminum complex (AL+3) against Fusarium equiseti, the cause of pepper wilt disease, were investigated. The fungistatic activity of the HL and its metal complex against Fusarium equiseti was dose-dependent, and the disease severity DS and the area under the disease progress curve AUDPC were significantly reduced. Tested compounds enhanced the vegetative growth of pepper plants. Furthermore, HL and the metal complex activate the antioxidant defense machinery both enzymatically (POX, PPO, and PAL) and non-enzymatically (phenolics, flavonoids). Additionally, HL and the metal complex induce the accumulation of CACUSOD and CAAPX genes. However, the gene expression of CAGR and CAMDHAR was downregulated as a result of treatment with the HL and the metal complex. These findings show how HL and the metal complexes could be used as a long-term alternative control method for Fusarium wilt disease, as well as the physiological and biochemical mechanisms behind their protective role.      

The target of the present research is the synthesize of new Sc(III), Y(III) and La(III) ions complexes derived from 3-(4′-dimethylaminophenyl)-1-(2-pyridinyl) prop-2-en-1-one (L1) and 3-(4′-diethylaminophenyl)-1-(2-pyridinyl) prop-2-en-1-one (L2). These complexes were studied spectrophotometrically in solution. The stoichiometry and stability constants of these chelates were determined. The spectrophotometric determination of the titled metal ions and titration using EDTA were reported. The chelating behavior of the chalcones was confirmed by preparing the solid chelates in which their structures were elucidated via the elemental composition, thermal analysis, and spectral studies (IR, UV-visible, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and EI-mass). The spectroscopic data suggest that the parent chalcone ligands bind to the investigated metal ions via the pyridine nitrogen and carbonyl oxygen i.e chalcone ligand behaves as neutral bidentate ligand. Evidence from elementary analysis and spectral techniques suggested octahedral geometry for the complexes. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are evaluated from the data on the thermal decomposition using the Coats – Redfern and Hurwitz methods. The electrical properties for ligand and its metal complexes are measured from which the activation energies are calculated. The DNA binding affinity of synthesized compounds with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were examined using electronic absorption spectroscopy and viscosity measurements. Absorption titration was used to explore the interaction of the investigated chalcone metal chelates with calf thymus DNA, and the binding constants were evaluated. Viscosity measurements suggest intercalative and replacement binding modes of the target metal chelates with calf thymus DNA. Also, all newly prepared compounds were tested for antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the effect of the newly synthesed chalcone compounds as antioxidants was evaluated. Molecular modeling for the ligands and their metal complexes was running using the Material studio program.      

Polyvinyl alcohol-polyaniline/graphene oxide nanofiber (PVA-PANI/GO)NF was made by mixing PANI with GO suspension in different amounts (1, 10 wt %), and polyvinyl pyrrolidone/polyvinyl alcohol-polyaniline/chitosan nanofiber (PVP/PVA-PANI/CS)NF was made by mixing PANI with CS solution in different amounts (1, 10 wt %) and The nanofibers were created using a proportion (1:2) mixture of PVP and PVA, where the PVA was used to improve the viscosity and the PVP was utilized to boost the conductivity of the nanocomposite. The adsorbents (PVA-PANI/GO)NF and (PVP/PVA-PANI/CS)NF are used to remove Ni (II) from aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the produced materials. Several variables were investigated in order to compare (PVA-PANI/GO)NF and (PVP/PVA-PANI/CS)NF removal efficiency and adsorption capacity, such as contact time, concentration, dose quantity, and temperature. The adsorption isotherm models were based on the Freundlich isotherm. Nickel ion adsorption kinetics on (PVA-PANI/GO)NF and (PVP/PVA-PANI/CS)NF follow a second-order kinetic model.      

Green synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has attracted much interest as a decisive step for practical industrial applications. In this work, green synthesis of Zinc (II) metal-organic framework (Zn-MOF) has been carried out at room temperature. The Zn metal (node) was extracted from spent domestic batteries and the linker was commercial terephthalic acid. The characterization of the green prepared Zn-MOF was accomplished by PXRD, FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, TEM and BET analyzer. All the characterization techniques strongly supported that the synthesized Zn-MOF using waste Zn is similar to that literature reports. The green prepared Zn-MOF was tested for the adsorption of two anionic dyes: aniline blue and orange II as well as methylene blue as an example of cationic dye from aqueous solution. Investigation of adsorption kinetic indicated that these adsorption processes could be described as a pseudo-second order kinetic model. The adsorption isotherm was studied using four different models. Furthermore, thermodynamic parameters have been calculated. This study complements the business case development model of “solid waste to value-added MOFs.      

The interactions of pesticides with clay have been studied for a better understanding of soil–pesticide interactions. The polymer–clay composites as supported materials for catalysts, drug delivery and the controlled release of pesticides have been produced. The present work was directed toward the synthesis and characterizations of polymeric 2,4-D intercalated onto montmorillonite (MMT) clay as controlled-release formulations. Many groups of polymer–clay composites carrying 2,4-D as controlled release systems have been prepared. The preparation was achieved by in-situ polycondensation a solution of herbicide monomer (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetyl-diethanolamine), different co-monomers and swelled modified montmorillonite clay. The obtained polymeric 2,4-D intercalated composites were characterized by a various analytical techniques. The swelling behaviors in different solvents and the release of 2,4-D in different aqueous media were studied. The release of the active herbicide moieties from all composite samples was determined in aqueous media at different pH's through long time (≈80 days). It was found that there are many factors as structure of the polymer, the medium surrounding the sample, the percentage of grafting polymer onto MMT, the ratio of the clay and the swelling behaviors of the composite in aqueous media, plays an important factors in determining the release rate of the herbicide.      

Nanostructured Ni films were synthesized from two distinct baths and were assessed as electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in 1 M KOH. Herein, Ni was electrodeposited from two separate solvents, the aqueous acetate buffer and ethaline solvent as a kind of deep eutectic solvents (DESs), and both the deposited films were investigated as electrocatalysts for HER and OER. The electrodeposition parameters such as pH and deposition potential were studied. The electrodeposition process was performed using chronoamperometry technique and Ni deposits were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Fabricated Ni@PGE deposit from ethaline only requires an overpotential of -154 mV and 350 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2 for HER and OER, respectively. While Ni@PGE from acetate requires an overpotential of -164 mV and 400 mV to produce the current density of 10 mA cm-2 for HER and OER.      

Environmental hazards are considered a serious issue that threatens the survival of humans, animals, and plants. Recently, nanomaterials have attracted scientists' attention in ecosystem pollutant control, especially fluorescent carbon-based materials like carbon quantum dots. Utilizing CQDs is considered a promising technique because of their ease of synthesis, low cost, nontoxicity, photostability, and light-harvesting capacity. Pure CQDs can be used from renewable sources and modified by doping with metal or non-metal to adjust their properties and form composites to have multiple effects and roles in photocatalytic systems, such as electron mediator and acceptor. environmental cleanup using CQDs in sensing of pollutants in the environment, contaminant adsorption, membrane separation, and pollutant degradation. CQDs-based sensors have different mechanisms such as static quenching, dynamic quenching, fluorescence quenching, energy transfer, inner filter effect (IFE), photo-induced electron transfer (PET), and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). It is sensed by quenching or blocking the fluorescence emission in the presence of analytes such as Fe3+, Pb (II), Cr (VI), Hg (II), and Mn (VII). Under light irradiation, CQDs can generate electrons and holes, leading to the formation of superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals, which all contribute to the photodegradation of organic compounds, forming non-toxic byproducts.      

In this study, Co–Ni layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets are synthesized on nickel foam (NF) using a simple, facile, and cost effective electrochemical deposition method. We present a comparative study of Co–Ni LDH nanosheets on NF for use in uniform, extremely porous, and exfoliated supercapacitor electrodes. The method is based on electrochemical deposition using cyclic voltammetry (CV) with numerous cycles (4, 6, 8, and 10 cycles). Compared to other cycles, the Co–Ni LDH nanosheets on NF as electrode materials at 8 cycles obtained higher specific capacitance at eight cycles. In 1 M potassium hydroxide (KOH), a significant specific capacitance of 3130.8 F/g was obtained at a scan rate of 5 mV/s, with good cyclic stability of 71.5% capacitance retention after 3000 cycles. The uniform and porous structure of Co–Ni LDH nanosheets on NF and the fast ion transfer between the electrolyte–electrode interface and reduced resistance contribute to this superior electrochemical efficiency, confirmed by CV and electrochemical impedance (EIS) studies. Co–Ni LDH nanosheets on NF are promising candidates for low-cost high-efficiency energy storage electrode materials for supercapacitor applications because of their superior performance and ease of preparation.      

The development of safe and cost-effective technologies for treating dye-polluted wastewater has been a significant focus of researchers. In light of this, α-MnO2/Fe-Mn BO nanocomposite was synthesized by a co-precipitation method. The nanocomposite was characterized by the FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, and EDX to be investigated as an adsorbent for the Methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous solution. The results indicated that the α-MnO2/Fe-Mn BO has a spheroid-like surface. It has a surface area and an average pore diameter of 92.954 m2/g and 2.39 nm. The batch experiments revealed that 0.013 g of the nanocomposite can remove 98 % of MB (12.71 mg/L) in 30 min. The pH is the dominant factor in MB adsorption, where the nanocomposite has the highest removal efficiency at pH4. The addition of SDS and NaCl has little effect on MB adsorption. The adsorption process obeyed the pseudo-second-order and Elovich kinetics also fitted well with the Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) adsorption models. The maximum adsorption capacity was 89.63 mg/g at 30 °C. Further, the nanocomposite showed good separation and regeneration properties. The removal efficiency decreased by about 20 % after five cycles. Thus, the α-MnO2/Fe-Mn BO is a promising adsorbent for the dyes because of its high adsorption capacity, high chemical stability, good reusability, and simple synthesis process.      

Heavy metals are extremely toxic, causing harm to aquatic and human life. Thus, this study focused on developing simple, colorimetric, and low-cost optical sensors for detection of metal ions with high selectivity and sensitivity. Here, a novel benzothiazole azo-dye, namely; 4-chloro-2-(4'-methyl-benzothiazol-2'-ylazo)-phenol (CMBTAP) was synthesized and characterized. This azo-dye has been anchored into the amino-functionalized mesoporous TiO2 synthesized using pluornic123 and CTAB as templates, to yield CMBTAP-M-TiO2 (1) and CMBTAP-M-TiO2 (2), respectively. The designed nanosensors were characterized by FT-IR, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, low-angle X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analyses. The colorimetric, and optical sensing behavior of CMBTAP and its nanosensor analogues toward different metal ions were explored using naked-eye observations, steady-state absorption and emission techniques. Significant changes in colors, in the absorption and emission spectra were observed. For CMBTAP and the nanosensors, the binding constants of the complexes formed with the used metal ions, and limit of detection (LOD) were calculated. In comparison with CMBTAP, the results revealed that the nanosensors exhibited a stronger binding affinity, selectivity, sensitivity, and lower LODs for the studied metal ions, implying that the sensing efficiency of CMBTAP is improved after loading onto the nanostructured TiO2. Thus, we have successfully converted the hazardous azo dye into an environmentally safe optical sensor for detection of toxic metal ions in wastewater with high sensitivity.      

5, 10, 15, 20-tetraphenylporphyrinatocobalt(II) complex has been foundto be an efficient catalyst for the oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol to 3,5-di-tert-butylbenzoquinone by molecular oxygen (catecholase like activity) in dimethylformamide. Measurement of dioxygen uptake was used to monitor the oxidation process. The oxidation reaction rate constant was reported to be linearly related to the concentration of catalyst, and saturation kinetics were shown to be dependent on both 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol concentration and dioxygen pressure. The Michaelis-Menten method was used to obtain the kinetic parameters. For the oxidation process, a mechanism also has been proposed. 5, 10, 15, 20-tetraphenylporphyrinatocobalt(II) complex has been foundto be an efficient catalyst for the oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol to 3,5-di-tert-butylbenzoquinone by molecular oxygen (catecholase like activity) in dimethylformamide. Measurement of dioxygen uptake was used to monitor the oxidation process. The oxidation reaction rate constant was reported to be linearly related to the concentration of catalyst, and saturation kinetics were shown to be dependent on both 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol concentration and dioxygen pressure. The Michaelis-Menten method was used to obtain the kinetic parameters. For the oxidation process, a mechanism also has been proposed.      

In this study, we report on novel optical chemosensors containing benzothiazole moeity namely; 2-(6-chloro-benzothiazol-2- yl azo)-4-methyl-phenol (CBAMP) and 1-(6-chloro-benzothiazol-2-yl azo)-naphthalen-2-ol (CBAN) which were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectrometry. The solvatochromic behavior was explored in different solvents of various polarities to explore the active fluorescent tautomer and the photophysical parameters have been measured. The naked eyes, as well as UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, were used to study the colorimetric and optical sensing properties of CBAMP and CBAN toward various metal ions and anions. These chemosensors have a strong detecting ability, with excellent sensitivity and selectivity for certain of the metal ions investigated, as well as CO32- and CN- over other anions. The Benesi–Hildebrand and Job's plots were used to determine the binding constants and stoichiometry of the formed metal ions–sensor complexes, respectively. Co2+ and Cu2+ have lower detection limits in CBAMP and CBAN than other metal ions (6.4×10-7 and 8.4 ×10-7 M, respectively). Furthermore, fluorescent imaging investigations for Co2+ and Cu2+ in living cells reveal CBAMP and CBAN's promise for biological chemosensing.      

Five modified-chitosan based materials have been prepared and characterized. These materials comprise cross-linked, aminated, sulfated, carboxylated and sulfated-carboxylated chitosan. They were applied for both the adsorption of some heavy metals and for some anionic and cationic dyes. The extent of adsorption depends on the selectivity between the modified materials and the desired metal ion. Ag(I) was the most preferable metal ion by all modified materials whereas Cu(II) was preferable by carboxylated- sulfated chitosan. For dye adsorption, the maximum adsorption capacity depended strongly on the chemical nature of the modified material. The crosslinked and aminated materials were found to be more selective for anionic dyes whereas the sulfated, carboxylated and carboxylated-sulfated materials were more selective for cationic dyes. Five modified-chitosan based materials have been prepared and characterized. These materials comprise cross-linked, aminated, sulfated, carboxylated and sulfated-carboxylated chitosan. They were applied for both the adsorption of some heavy metals and for some anionic and cationic dyes. The extent of adsorption depends on the selectivity between the modified materials and the desired metal ion. Ag(I) was the most preferable metal ion by all modified materials whereas Cu(II) was preferable by carboxylated- sulfated chitosan. For dye adsorption, the maximum adsorption capacity depended strongly on the chemical nature of the modified material. The crosslinked and aminated materials were found to be more selective for anionic dyes whereas the sulfated, carboxylated and carboxylated-sulfated materials were more selective for cationic dyes.      

Objective: To prepare and characterize CSNPs, CAF-loaded CS NPs, FA-CS NPs and CAF-loaded FA-CS NPs, evaluate their Cytotoxicity on normal and cancer cells. Methods: Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were prepared by ionic gelation method. Folic acid (FA) was conjugated with CS NPs by electrostatic interaction. Parameters were studied to optimize the particle size of CSNPs. Characterizations of them were investigated by TEM, FTIR, particle size, and zeta potential. Entrapment efficiency was calculated and drug release was studied. Antioxidant activity of CSNPs, FA-CS NPs, CAF-loaded CS NPs and CAF-loaded FA-CS NPs were evaluated. In addition to determination of their cytotoxicity in vitro against human liver cancer cells (HepG2), breast cancer cells (MCF-7) estrogen-receptor lacking breast cancer and triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231, in addition to normal human cells (WI) using MTT assay at different concentrations for 72 h. Results: The results reveal that the obtained CSNPs, FA-CS NPs, CAF-loaded CS NPs and CAF-loaded FA-CS NPs with suitable average size and positive surface charge. CAF was easily loaded into FA-CS NPs, and has fast release. Our results indicate that FA-CS NPs can be a promising tumor-targeting carrier candidate. The encapsulation of Caffeine in FA-CS NPs greatly improved its antioxidant, anticancer efficacy and affected the cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner for HepG2 cells but that was not the same for MDA and MCF7. Loading caffeine on chitosan in the presence of folic acid had different mechanism for breast cancer cells with its two types. The samples were found to be negligibly cytotoxic to normal WI cells. This suggests that the synthesized nanoparticles are biocompatible to the normal cells even at a high dose, which makes them suitable for treating cancer cells without affecting healthy cells.      

Agriculture and industrial wastes (AIWs) have attracted a large amount of attention because of their huge environmental, economic, and social impacts. In this context, proper disposal of AIWs is beneficial for their handling, which is becoming an urgent problem. AIWs have been considered a crucial link of a closed loop for the fabrication of nanomaterials and composites wherein they replace traditional resources with sustainable waste in waste management. This review article has presented the latest developments in waste-extracted NMs, which were organized into three groups: carbon-based NMs, metal/metal oxides, and hybrid NMs. First, we reviewed NMs of interest that can be extracted or used from two routes: domestic (biomass) and industrial wastes. Second, we summarized the preparation methods and the promising properties of these materials, which can surpass their traditional counterparts in terms of their cost-effectiveness, manipulation, resource abundance, and characteristics. Third, we discussed the energy storage potential of these materials in detail by reviewing the most recent literature available regarding batteries and supercapacitors. Finally, we highlighted the promising applicability of waste-recycled NMs in energy conversion applications by summarizing three different forms in which they are applied: fuel cells, solar cells, and photocatalysis. Despite the attractive properties and vast possible uses of these materials, published literature has primarily focused on biomass sources for preparation, with a lack of sufficient data on the preparation of NMs from cooking oil and other industrial wastes. Additionally, recycled NMs have not been properly applied in many significant energy applications. There is a wide gap in the literature that should be filled by more investigations regarding the preparation and different applications of recycled NMs in many industrial, environmental, biomedical, and energy fields.      

Modified uncross-linked and crosslinked chitosan derivatives were investigated as green sorbents for the removal of copper (Cu2+) cations from the simulated solution. In this regard, N, O carboxymethyl chitosan, chitosan beads (CTs-g-GA), (GLA)/N,N'-methylenediacrylamide (MBA), and GLA/epichlorohydrin (ECH) crosslinked chitosan were prepared and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. An atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigation was held to compare the surface topography of the prepared samples before and after the metal uptake. The kinetics of the removal process and the adsorption isotherms were carefully studied. The data reveal that the metal ion removal achieved by the uncrosslinked chitosan is mainly due to formation of chelate structure between the metal cation and the functional groups exist on the chitosan chains. On the other hand, the uptake process by the crosslinked derivatives is proved to be a complex process involving both adsorption and absorption.      

A new series of Ag+, In3+and Sn2+ complexes based on (E)-5-amino-2-hydroxy-3-(pyrimidin-2-yldiazenyl) benzoic acid (H2L) were synthesized. The structures of complexes have been described by elemental analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis, molar conductance, XRD, spectra (UV-Vis, Ms, FT-IR), DFT studies by using B3LYP 6-311G++(d,p) basis set for the (H2L) ligand, B3LYP/LanL2DZ basis set for Ag+, In3+, Sn2+ complexes respectively. the structures of these newly synthesized complexes were allocated. The small conductivity values exposed the non-electrolytic nature. TGA curves used Coats-Redfern to calculate the activation parameters for the thermal decomposition phases. The interaction between calf thymus DNA and investigated compounds was explored through UV–visible measurements of absorption and viscosity. The findings stated that through intercalative binding mode, the complexes communicate with DNA by calculating the constants of binding. In addition, the antimicrobial activity for the ligand and complexes in vitro were tested. The theoretical DFT calculations demonstrate that the investigated complexes have tetrahedral geometry for uninuclear Ag+ and Sn2+ complexes while octahedral geometry for binuclear In3+complex which agrees with the experimental observations. Molecular docking simulation was conducted using molecular operator environment (MOE) software for ligand (H2L), Ag+, In3+, Sn2+complexes. The docking calculations verified that the Ag+-complex has greater potency and affinity to the (3QKK) protein than those of the In3+and Sn2+complexes, which is inconsistent with the experimental activity. Finally, molecular docking is effective method to better describe the studied molecules ‘biological activity.      

MnxFe3−xO4/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposites were prepared by in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence and absence of K2S2O8 using different spinel ferrites nanoparticles with various Mn2+ ratios. The structural and morphological properties of the nanocomposites were characterized via thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis (BET). XRD results confirmed the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure with a lattice constant of approximately 8.312 Å. The surface enriched by Mn exhibited an enhanced valence of +3 and +4, increased lattice oxygen content, facilitated ferrite reduction, and improved the oxidative performance of Fe3+. These properties enhance the ability of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles for the polymerization of aniline. The saturation magnetization decreased with an increase in both Mn+2 ratios and PANI contents, with values of 37.79 and 13.67 emu/g for x = 0.1 and 1.0, respectively. The nanocomposites exhibited excellent adsorption of Lanaset Brown B dye, which was investigated as a model textile dye. Various adsorption capacities (qmax) for the nanocomposites, were calculated in a range of 122.39–215 mg/g, depending on the synthesis conditions of the MnxFe3−xO4 nanocomposite. Optimization parameters, such as pH, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration, as well as reusability were described. The Langmuir isotherm is a better model for describing the adsorption process of the nanocomposites. An evaluation of thermodynamic parameters suggests the sorption process is feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic. The calculated kinetic parameters showed that a pseudo-second-order model is better suited to our experimental results.      

Fluorescent nanosensors are one of the most efficient techniques used for detection of toxic metal ions, based on ligand embedded into mesoporous materials. In this study, four different novel nanosensors NS1, NS2, NS3 and NS4 have been synthesized by incorporating fluorescent probes containing dihydropyrimidinone and dihydropyridine fragments into amino-functionalized controllable (BaSr)CO3@Mesoporous silicate core/shell nanocomposite. The designed nanosensors were characterized by FT-IR, X-ray, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, and thermogravimetric analyses. Visual naked-eye observations and emission technique were employed to investigate the recognition and sensing capability of the nanosensors (NS1-4) towards various metal ions (Al3+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+). A great quenching in the fluorescence intensity was clearly observed with the majority of studied metal ions for all the nanosensors. Mn+2 ions showed enhancement with NS2, NS3 and NS4 moreover, Al+3 and Cr+3 ions with NS2. The binding constants and limit of detection (LOD) have been calculated. Al3+ and Fe3+ are the strongest binded metal ions with NS3 and NS4, respectively. While, Cu2+ is the strongest binded one with both NS1 and NS2. The nanosensors NS2, NS3 and NS4 maintained their efficiency for five, four and nine successive cycles, respectively; however, NS1 has no cycle. The obtained results confirmed the high ability of the nanosensors to detect heavy metals ions at environmentally relevant concentrations using simple and low cost experimental studies with good reversibility and reusability.      

In this study, four novel chemosensors containing dihydropyrimidinone and dihydropyridine fragments have been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, elemental analysis and UV-Visible measurements. The solvatochromic behavior was explored in different solvents of various polarities. The visual detection, as well as UV-Vis and fluorescence measurements were carried out to explore the colorimetric and optical sensing properties of the investigated chemosensors toward various metal ions such as Al3+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+. The chemosensors 2, 3, 5, and 6 have strong detecting ability, with excellent sensitivity and selectivity for Cu2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and Cr3+, respectively over the other metal ions. The Benesi–Hildebrand and Job's plots were used to determine the binding constants and stoichiometry of the formed metal ions–sensor complexes, respectively. Additionally, the chemosensors were totally reversible by addition of EDTA to the formed complexes and displayed turn on-off-on fluorescence response based on an effect of chelation-quenching fluorescence. Furthermore, all chemosensors were examined in-silico for their ability to block the AKT signaling pathway, which is involved in cancer proliferation. This inhibitory mechanism could be a good method to kill cancer cells and prevent them from spreading. The antioxidant properties of these chemosensors were also investigated. They were selected for in-vitro antitumor evaluation against, MDA-231, Caco, PCL and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Compounds 2 and 5 were also the most effective at scavenging free radicals. Therefore, compounds 2 and 5 could be exploited as therapeutic candidates for cancer therapy due to their potential inhibition of AKT protein.      

Environmental hazards are considered a serious issue that threatens the survival of humans, animals, and plants. Recently, nanomaterials have attracted scientists' attention in ecosystem pollutant control, especially fluorescent carbonbased materials like carbon quantum dots. Utilizing CQDs is considered a promising technique because of of synthesis, low cost, nontoxicity, photostability, and lighttheir ease harvesting capacity. Pure CQDs can be used from renewable sources and modified by doping with metal or non metal to adjust their properties and form composites to have multiple effects and roles in photocatalytic systems, such as electron mediator and acceptor. environmental cleanup using CQDs in sensing of pollutants in the environment, contaminant adsorption, membrane separation, and pollutant degradation. CQDsbased sensors have di fferent mechanisms such as static quenching, dynamic quenching, fluorescence quenching, energy transfer, inner filter effect (IFE), photoinduced electron transfer (PET), and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). It is sensed by quenching or block ing the fluorescence emission in the presence of analytes such as Fe3+, Pb (II), Cr (VI), Hg (II), and Mn (VII). Under light irradiation, CQDs can generate electrons and holes, leading to the formation of superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals, which al l contribute to the photodegradation of organic compounds, forming nontoxic byproducts.      

The Mg nano-particle ferrites have been prepared by the combustion method. The ferrite composites were characterized by XRD, SEM, and FTIR after being sintered to 900 C0 for 6 hours. The formation of the intended pure composition has been confirmed. Morphological analysis signifies the formation of nanocrystalline Mg-Ferrites. The XRD structural studies confirm the cubic-spinel structure with a crystallite size of about 33 nm, whereas from the SEM images the particle size has been found to be around 60 nm. It is well known that the particle size is greater than the crystallite size because the particle size contains grain size and grain boundary. The FTIR graphs reveal the formation of spinel ferrite structures. They have distinguished with the main characteristic anti peaks at about 405.76 cm-1 and 566.41 cm-1. Also, PPy has been prepared chemically. Mg/PPy/GO composites have been formulated in different ratios to make promising composites for supercapacitor and clean energy storage devices.      

2008 was the year of Nobel Prize in Chemistry was given to Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura, and Roger Y. Tsien for the discovery and application of green fluorescent protein. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein found in the jellyfish Aequorea Victoria that glows green in the presence of light. The protein contains 238 amino acids, three of which (nucleotides 65–67) create a structure that produces visible green fluorescent light (GFP) is a polypeptide of around 27 kDa that converts the blue chemiluminescence of the Ca2+-sensitive photoprotein aequorin into green light. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has functioned as the researcher′s agent since its first use as a reporter gene in 1994. The strength of GFP is its small size, tremendous stability, and ease of use. It just needs oxygen and an energy source to function, both of which may be supplied at a low cost and with excellent precision. a summary of GFP′s contributions to biotechnology. In biotechnology, green fluorescent protein (GFP) is used as 1. transcriptional activation for stress probes and promoter studies, 2. fusion proteins for stability, reporting, and activity, 3. conformational changes for small molecule and calcium detection, 4. localization studies for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), surface proteins, and whole-organism visualisation, 5. intracellular localization studies, and 6. protein-folding and rapid screening assays in E. coli, using directed evolution for protein modification A distinct advantage of utilising GFP-tagged microorganisms in food or beverages.      

Abstract: Miconazole as pharmaceutical active ingredient; is a broad-spectrum azole antifungal with some activity against Gram-positive bacteria. It is widely used to treat mucosal yeast infections, including both oral and vaginal infections. Biopolymers are used as drug carriers for drug delivery applications due to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. In the current study, cellulose acetate nanofibers, cellulose acetate blended with biopolymers such as (PLA, PLGA, PCL, and PSA) containing Miconazole were electrospun by electrospinning technique. FT-IR Spectroscopy, Thermal gravimetric analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Swelling (behavior , rate of swelling and kinetics of swelling ), release studies in different pHs, and kinetics of release were investigated. Keywords Biodegradable polymers, drug delivery systems, cellulose acetate, PLA, PLGA, PSA, PCL, nanofibers processing, Miconazole. Acknowledgment This work is supported by STDF Project ID: 28987 Project title: processing and evaluation of polymer nanofibers for controlled drug delivery systems Project PI: Prof.Dr. El-Refaie Sobhy Kenawy      

Abstract Electrospinning is a new effective technology for preparing fibers materials with ultrathin fiber diameter. A new form of nanofiber web electrode has been fabricated for supercapacitor using electrospun polyaniline and their derivitives to increase electrical conductivity , specific capacitance and cycling stability of electrode. A series of copolymer can be used . Metal oxides as can add to these polymers to improve from their properities. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) can determine the morphology of nanofibers. The electrochemical measurements can be determined by potentiostatic methods. This work is supported by STDF project number:28971 Title: Electrospun organic polymer for electronic devices applications Abstract Electrospinning is a new effective technology for preparing fibers materials with ultrathin fiber diameter. A new form of nanofiber web electrode has been fabricated for supercapacitor using electrospun polyaniline and their derivitives to increase electrical conductivity , specific capacitance and cycling stability of electrode. A series of copolymer can be used . Metal oxides as can add to these polymers to improve from their properities. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) can determine the morphology of nanofibers. The electrochemical measurements can be determined by potentiostatic methods. This work is supported by STDF project number:28971 Title: Electrospun organic polymer for electronic devices applications